Кашмирский конфликт и китайско-индийское соперничество: геополитика инициативы «Пояс и путь»
Аннотация и ключевые слова
Аннотация (русский):
В бурные десятилетия, последовавшие за выводом британских войск с Индийского субконтинента, между Индией и Пакистаном возникла критическая линия разлома, причем конфликт в Кашмире стал самым трудноразрешимым и нестабильным из этих споров. Этот давно тлеющий кризис достиг своего апогея в эпоху холодной войны, когда и советский, и американский блоки стремились использовать стратегическое значение Азии для своих соответствующих преимуществ. С падением «железного занавеса» и появлением американского однополярного доминирования на мировой арене Китай стал главным претендентом на создание многополярного мирового порядка. В результате обострилась конкуренция между Пекином и Нью-Дели за региональное и международное влияние, характеризующаяся согласованными усилиями каждой стороны помешать росту и влиянию другой стороны в горниле Центральной Азии, в то время как Вашингтон ведет свою сложную игру издалека. Китай, будучи основным бенефициаром политики глобализации, стремился расширить свое влияние посредством амбициозной инициативы «Пояс и путь» (BRI). Однако Индия остается серьезным препятствием для сухопутной экспансии Пекина, постоянно мешая его грандиозным планам. Эту напряженность усугубляет то, что Китай рассматривает участие Индии в механизме Четырехстороннего диалога по безопасности наряду с Соединенными Штатами, Японией и Австралией как тонко завуалированный заговор с целью помешать ее восхождению в качестве глобальной державы. В этом исследовании мы углубляемся в сложные сложности проблемы Кашмира, освещая ее исторические корни и современные последствия. Кроме того, мы разъясняем стратегический союз Китая с Пакистаном, раскрывая многогранный ответ Индии в рамках постоянной парадигмы «вызов и ответ». Посредством этого всестороннего анализа мы стремимся пролить свет на сложное взаимодействие геополитических сил, определяющих нестабильную динамику региона.

Ключевые слова:
Китайская инициатива «Пояс и путь» (BRI), Китайско-пакистанский экономический коридор (CPEC), Индия, Международные отношения, Кашмирский конфликт, Геополитическое соперничество, Региональная гегемония, Стратегические альянсы.
Текст
Текст произведения (PDF): Читать Скачать
Список литературы

1. Affairs, I. M. (2019, August 6). The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019. Re-trieved from Creative Commons License: https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-bill-2019

2. Afraz, S. (2008, April 15). The Junagadh affair and the Hyderabad case: The role of power. The Round Table, pp. 101-106. doihttps://doi.org/10.1080/00358538908453912

3. Ankit, R. (2020, April 26). Lal Bahadur Shastri, 1964–1966: Leader at a Glance. Studies in Indian Politics (SIP), 8. doihttps://doi.org/10.1177/2321023020918062

4. Bakshi, K. (2007, September). Simla Agreement (1972): From Military Victory to A Diplomatic Defeat? Indian Foreign Affairs Journal, pp. 105-119. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/45340665

5. BBC. (2011, May 19). The Future of Kashmir. Retrieved from BBC: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html/

6. BBC. (2021, February 23). China regains slot as India's top trade partner despite tensions. Retrieved from BBC: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-56164154

7. Bell, A. (2015). Militant Islamist movements in Pakistan. pp. 21-24. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep14455.7

8. Bork, E. (2015, June). CAUGHT IN THE MIDDLE: India, China, and Tibet. World Affairs, pp. 52-58. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/43555282

9. Chopra, S. (1964). Kashmir in the United Nations. The Indian Journal of Political Science, pp. 124-135. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854023

10. Chowdhary, R. (2009). Electoral Politics in the Context of Separatism and Political Divergence: An Analysis of 2009 Parliamentary elections in Jammu & Kashmir. South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal. doihttps://doi.org/10.4000/samaj.2785

11. Das, K. N. (2022, March 25). Chinese minister seeks normal India ties, Delhi says ease border tension first. Retrieved from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinese-foreign-minister-see-indian-counterpart-surprise-meeting-2022-03-25/

12. Das, T. (1950, June). The Kashmir Issue and the United Nations. Political Science Quarterly, pp. 264-282. doihttps://doi.org/10.2307/2145524

13. Davis, E. V. (2008). Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang, China. Asian Affairs: An American Review, pp. 15-29. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/27821503

14. Deshpande, G. P. (1969, April 12). The Sino-Soviet Border Clash. Economic and Political Weekly, pp. 643-647. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40739525

15. Dhall, P. (2018, January). Strategic Importance of Kashmir: A Conflict between India and Pakistan. Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education, pp. 192 - 199. doihttps://doi.org/10.29070/JASRAE

16. Eagleton, C. (1950, April). The Case of Hyderabad Before the Security Council. The American Journal of International Law, pp. 277-302. doihttps://doi.org/10.2307/2193757

17. Fahmy, M. (2022, December 14). India's remote, undefined Himalayan border with China. Retrieved from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-remote-undefined-himalayan-border-with-china-2022-12-14/

18. Gauhar, A. (1966). THE TASHKENT DECLARATION. Pakistan Horizon, pp. 13-25. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/41393260

19. Ghoshal, D. (2022, March 11). Factbox: India and Pakistan's nuclear arsenals. Retrieved from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/india-pakistans-nuclear-arsenals-2022-03-11/

20. Goyal, S. (2022, October 7). Indian Air Force Day 2022: List of Fighter Aircraft of IAF. Retrieved from Jagran Prakashan : https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-fighter-aircraft-of-indian-air-force-1633665610-1

21. Habib, S. K. (1982, June). The Congress and the Revolutionaries in the 1920s. Social Scientist, pp. 20-37. doihttps://doi.org/10.2307/3517065

22. Haque, R. I. (2010, March). THE KASHMIR CONFLICT: WHY IT DEFIES SOLUTION. International Journal on World Peace, pp. 9-44. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/20752914

23. Hasan, Z. (1965). THE INDIAPAKTSTAN WAR— A SUMMARY ACCOUNT. Pakistan Horizon, pp. 344-356. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/41393247

24. Honawar, R. (2005). JAISH-E-MOHAMMED. Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep09322

25. Houreld, K. (2015, April 20). China and Pakistan launch economic corridor plan worth $46 billion. Retrieved from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-china-idUSKBN0NA12T20150420

26. Imširović, M. (2021, February 10). Geopolitical significance of Kashmir. Retrieved from Institute for Geopolitics, Economy and Security (IGES): https://iges.ba/en/geopolitics/geopolitical-significance-of-kashmir/

27. Iqbal, M. H. (1972). INDIA AND THE 1971 WAR WITH PAKISTAN. Pakistan Horizon, pp. 21-31. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/41393110

28. Jazeera, A. (2019, Febuary 26). India vs Pakistan: Military strength and arsenal. Retrieved from Al Jazeera: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/2/26/india-vs-pakistan-military-strength-and-arsenal

29. Jian, C. (2006). The Tibetan Rebellion of 1959 and China’s Changing Relations with India and the Soviet Union. Journal of Cold War Studies, pp. 54-101. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26925942

30. Jorgic, D. (2017, June 14). In Pakistan, China presses built-in advantage for 'Silk Road' contracts. Retrieved from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-silkroad-pakistan-insight-idUSKBN19503Y

31. Joshi, S. (2011, December 10). The China-Pakistan Nuclear Deal: A Realpolitique Fait Accompli. Retrieved from The James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies: https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/china-pakistan-nuclear-deal-realpolitique-fait-accompli-1/

32. Khaja, M. A. (2016). Treaty of Amritsar in RETROSPECT. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress . 77, pp. 338-347. Indian History Congress. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26552659

33. Khan, M. Z. (2019). China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Opportunities and Challenges. Strategic Studies, pp. 67-82. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/48544300

34. Khan, R. (1969, JULY-SEPTEMBER). THE KASHMIR PROBLEM : ITS HANDLING IN THE UNITED NATIONS. Journal of the Indian Law Institute, pp. 273-292. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/43950029

35. Khan, S. S. (2011, October). Xinjiang, Tibet and the Pakistan-China Strategic Partnership. Pakistan Horizon, pp. 67-83. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/24711190

36. Kramer, S. (2021, September 21, 2021 21). Religious demography of Indian states and territories. Retrieved from Pew Research Center: https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/09/21/religious-demography-of-indian-states-and-territories/

37. Lambah, S. K. (2012, January-March). The Durand Line. Indian Foreign Affairs Journal, pp. 42-60. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341803

38. Levi, W. (1963, September). The Sino-Indian Border War. Current History, pp. 136-143. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/45310978

39. Lo, K. (2019, August 28). India dismisses Beijing’s concerns over Kashmir because ‘it won’t have any impact on China’ . Retrieved from SCMP: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3024546/india-dismisses-beijings-concerns-over-kashmir-because-it-wont

40. Lone, S.-u.-R. (2014). Peoples' Resistance Movement in Kashmir: From Localized to Pan-Indian (1931-1939). Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, pp. 559-568. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158430

41. MacDonald, J. G. (2022, June 13). Pakistan increases defence spending but high inflation offsets gains. Retrieved from JANES: https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pakistan-increases-defence-spending-but-high-inflation-offsets-gains

42. Madan, T. (2022). China Has Lost India. Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/china-has-lost-india.

43. Malik, I. H. (1966). KASHMIR AND PAKISTAN: POLITICS OF MUTUALITIES AND DENIED OPPORTUNITIES. Strategic Studies, pp. 5-47. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/45182215

44. Martina, P. S. (2015, February 21). China protests at Indian PM's visit to disputed border region. Retrieved from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-india-territory-idUSKBN0LO1UN20150221

45. Marwah, O. (1979). India's Military Intervention in East Pakistan, 1971-1972. Modern Asian Studies, 13, pp. 549-580. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/312183

46. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, t. P. (2015, May). PM MODI'S CHINA TOUR. Retrieved from FMPRC: http://in.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/zgxw/201507/P020210622243188059948.pdf

47. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, t. P. (2019, August 6). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Remarks on the Indian Government's Announcement of the Establishment of the Ladakh Union Territory Which Involves Chinese Territory. Retrieved from FMPRC: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/201908/t20190806_696969.html

48. Mukherji, N. (2006, October 13). Attack on Parliament: Last Chance to Know What Really Happened. Economic and Political Weekly, pp. 4236-4239. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418777

49. Murray, L. (2017, May 5). China's OBOR revives the old Silk Road – and rewrites the road rules. Retrieved from The Australian Financial Review: https://www.afr.com/policy/foreign-affairs/chinas-obor-revives-the-old-silk-road--and-rewrites-the-road-rules-20170503-gvxqdt

50. Nadim, H. (2022, February 11). 5 Reasons Why Kashmir Matters. Retrieved from The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/5-reasons-why-kashmir-matters/

51. Nawaz, S. (2018). Violation of the UN Resolutions on Kashmir. Strategic Studies, pp. 145-162. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/48539128

52. Padukone, N. (2011, November). THE NEXT AL-QAEDA? Lashkar-e-Taiba and the Future of Terrorism in South Asia. World Affairs, pp. 67-72. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/23210445

53. Parashar, P. (2004). Kashmir and the Freedom Movement. Delhi: Sarup & Sons.

54. Parliament, U. (1947, July 18). 1947 Indian Independence Act. Retrieved from UK Parliament: https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/collections1/collections2/1947-indian-independence-act/

55. Parmu, R. K. (1969). A History of Muslim Rule in Kashmir, 1320-1819. Berkeley: University of California Press.

56. Qaddos, M. (2018). Sino-Indian Border Conflict and Implications for Bilateral Relations. Policy Perspectives, pp. 57-69. doihttps://doi.org/10.13169/polipers.15.2.0057

57. Raina, A. N. (2002, August). Major Ethnic Groups. Retrieved from Kashmiri Pandit Network: https://ikashmir.net/geography/doc/geography.pdf

58. Ranjan, A. (2016, June). Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. India Quarterly, pp. 132-145. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/48505492

59. Rawat, R. (2022, July 16). India’s defence budget: The navy and its Atmanirbhar Bharat Mission. Retrieved from ORF: https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-defence-budget/

60. Schofield, V. (2003). Kashmir in Conflict. New York:: I. B. Taurus.

61. Shakoor, F. (1998, April). UN and Kashmir. Pakistan Horizon, pp. 53-69. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/41394458

62. Singh, S. (2021, April 19). The Challenge of a Two-Front War: India’s China-Pakistan Dilemma. Retrieved from The Henry L. Stimson Center: https://www.stimson.org/2021/the-challenge-of-a-two-front-war-indias-china-pakistan-dilemma/

63. Singh, U. (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. New Delhi: Pearson Education.

64. Smith, R. J. (2014, October 16). Crossing the Line At Odd Times: China-India Border Disputes. Retrieved from Foreign Policy: https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/10/16/crossing-the-line-at-odd-times-china-india-border-disputes

65. Staniland, P. (2012, February). Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Insurgent Fratricide, Ethnic Defection, and the Rise of Pro-State Paramilitaries. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, pp. 16–40. doihttps://doi.org/10.1177/0022002711429681

66. Tremblay, R. C. (1997). Nation, Identity and the Intervening Role of the State: A Study of the Secessionist Movement in Kashmir. Pacific Affairs, pp. 471-497. doihttps://doi.org/10.2307/2761183

67. UN. (1948, April 21). Resolution 47. Retrieved from United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/111955/?ln=en

68. UN. (1972, July 2). Agreement on Bilateral Relations between the Government of India. Retrieved from Peace Maker - UN: https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/IN%20PK_720702_Simla%20Agreement.pdf

69. UN. (2019, August 16). UN Security Council discusses Kashmir, China urges India and Pakistan to ease tensions. Retrieved from UN News: https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/08/1044401

70. Wang, V. W.-c. (2011, September). “Chindia” or Rivalry? Rising China, Rising India, and Contending Perspectives on India-China Relations. pp. 437-469. Retrieved from Asian Perspective : https://www.jstor.org/stable/42704764

71. Wroughton, L. (2019, August 5). U.S. closely following events in Kashmir, expresses rights concerns . Retrieved from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-india-kashmir-usa-idUKKCN1UV255

72. Xinhua. (2019, May 28). China, Pakistan vow to further strengthen ties, cooperation. Retrieved from China Daily: https://www.chinadailyhk.com/articles/31/3/177/1559031095229.html

73. Zhang, Y. (2018, June - December). The US–China Trade War. Indian Journal of Asian Affairs, pp. 53-74. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26608823

74. Zutshi, C. (2017, April). Seasons of Discontent and Revolt in Kashmir. Current History, pp. 123-129. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/48614247


Войти или Создать
* Забыли пароль?