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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Theoretical economics</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Theoretical economics</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Теоретическая экономика</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">2221-3260</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">111728</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52957/2221-3260-2025-10-13-32</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКОЙ ЭКОНОМИИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF THEORETICAL ECONOMY</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКОЙ ЭКОНОМИИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Reproductive mechanisms of digital inequality</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Воспроизводственные механизмы цифрового неравенства</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9075-9683</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Альпидовская</surname>
       <given-names>Марина Леонидовна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Alpidovskaya</surname>
       <given-names>Marina Leonidovna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>morskaya67@bk.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор экономических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of economic sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9503-0306</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Сироткина</surname>
       <given-names>Анастасия Ильинична</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Sirotkina</surname>
       <given-names>Anastasiya Ilinichna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>sir_n@bk.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education &quot;Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation&quot; Vladikavkaz Branch</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-31T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>31</day>
    <month>10</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-31T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>31</day>
    <month>10</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <issue>10</issue>
   <fpage>13</fpage>
   <lpage>32</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-02T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>02</day>
     <month>10</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-16T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>16</day>
     <month>10</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://chemintech.ru/en/nauka/article/111728/view">https://chemintech.ru/en/nauka/article/111728/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Актуальность преодоления глобальной асимметрии в доступе к цифровым решениям и технологиям приобретает особую значимость в контексте всепроникающего применения цифровых решений во всех областях народного хозяйства, в том числе и на объектах критической информационной инфраструктуры. В связи с чем возникает проблема как получения доступа к современным достижениям науки и техники в области информационных технологий, так и перспективного развития отраслей народного хозяйства, непосредственно обусловливающих достижение технологического суверенитета, преодоление технологического отставания, а также долгосрочного социально-экономического развития. Цель исследования состоит в обосновании тезиса о высоком уровне монополизации глобального рынка информационных технологий как воспроизводственном механизме глобального цифрового неравенства. Цель исследования достигается на основании выполнения следующих задач: определение ключевых отраслей информационной инфраструктуры, выявление глобальной структуры рынка готовых цифровых, аппаратных и инфраструктурных решений, оценка уровня монополизации указанных рынков, а также определение перспектив развития информационно-коммуникационных технологий в развивающихся странах. Методы исследования основываются на вторичном анализе открытых данных в части уровня монополизации рынков готовых программных, аппаратных и инфраструктурных решений, а также структуры собственности крупнейших мировых поставщиков готовых решений в области информационно-телекоммуникационных технологий. В ходе исследования доказан (в некоторых отраслях экстремально) высокий уровень монополизации рынков готовых решений в области информационно-телекоммуникационных технологий, подтверждена сверхмонополизация рынка цифровых технологий на уровне структуры собственности мировых монополий, что является обоснованием выявленного механизма воспроизводства цифрового неравенства глобальной системы хозяйствования.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The relevance of overcoming the global asymmetry in access to digital solutions and technologies is of particular importance in the context of the pervasive use of digital solutions in all areas of the national economy, including at critical information infrastructure facilities.  In this connection, the problem arises of both gaining access to modern achievements of science and technology in the field of information technology, and the long-term development of sectors of the national economy that directly determine the achievement of technological sovereignty, overcoming technological cooling, as well as long-term socio-economic development. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the thesis about the high level of monopolization of the global information technology market as a reproductive mechanism of global digital inequality. The purpose of the study is achieved based on the following tasks: identifying key sectors of information infrastructure, identifying the global structure of the market for ready-made digital, hardware and infrastructure solutions, assessing the level of monopolization of these markets, as well as determining the prospects for the development of information and communication technologies in developing countries. The research methods are based on secondary analysis of open data regarding the level of monopolization of the markets for ready-made software, hardware and infrastructure solutions, as well as the ownership structure of the world’s largest suppliers of ready-made solutions in the field of information and telecommunications technologies. The study proved (in some industries extremely) a high level of monopolization of markets for ready-made solutions in the field of information and telecommunication technologies, and confirmed the super-monopolization of the digital technology market at the level of the ownership structure of world monopolies, which confirms the identified mechanism for the reproduction of digital inequality in the global economic system.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>цифровое неравенство</kwd>
    <kwd>Интернет</kwd>
    <kwd>цифровые ресурсы и технологии</kwd>
    <kwd>глобальные цепочки формирования стоимости</kwd>
    <kwd>монополизация</kwd>
    <kwd>мировые монополии</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>digital inequality</kwd>
    <kwd>Internet</kwd>
    <kwd>digital resources and technologies</kwd>
    <kwd>global value chains</kwd>
    <kwd>monopolization</kwd>
    <kwd>world monopolies</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
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     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Comission takes next step to deploy the IRIS2 secure satellite system. – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/eu-space/iris2-secure-connectivity-en (дата обращения: 22.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Comission takes next step to deploy the IRIS2 secure satellite system. – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/eu-space/iris2-secure-connectivity-en (data obrascheniya: 22.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
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     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Swinhoe, D. Telesat closes funding for Lightspeed LEO network / D. Swinhoe. – URL: https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/telesat-closes-funding-for-lightspeed-leo-network/#:~text=We’re%20putting%20Canada%20at,%2C%20market%20reports%2c%20and%20more. (дата обращения: 22.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Swinhoe, D. Telesat closes funding for Lightspeed LEO network / D. Swinhoe. – URL: https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/telesat-closes-funding-for-lightspeed-leo-network/#:~text=We’re%20putting%20Canada%20at,%2C%20market%20reports%2c%20and%20more. (data obrascheniya: 22.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
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     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship. 17th Edition. – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/assets/67729/2000%20Global%20Innovation%20Index%202024_WEB3lite.pdf (дата обращения: 21.08.2005 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship. 17th Edition. – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/assets/67729/2000%20Global%20Innovation%20Index%202024_WEB3lite.pdf (data obrascheniya: 21.08.2005 g.).</mixed-citation>
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   <ref id="B26">
    <label>26.</label>
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     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Market Share Analysis: Enterprise Network Equipment, Worldwide, 2024. – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/6409975#:~:text=Summary,2024%20with%2026.3%25%20market%20share. (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Market Share Analysis: Enterprise Network Equipment, Worldwide, 2024. – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/6409975#:~:text=Summary,2024%20with%2026.3%25%20market%20share. (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
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   <ref id="B27">
    <label>27.</label>
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     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cisco Vs competitors: How CISCO stays ahead in networking technology. – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://www.rededucation.com/cisco-vs-competitors-how-cisco-stays-ahead-in-networking-technology/#:~:text=Founded%20in%201984%2C%20Cisco%20Systems,often%20follow%20rather%20than%20lead. (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cisco Vs competitors: How CISCO stays ahead in networking technology. – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://www.rededucation.com/cisco-vs-competitors-how-cisco-stays-ahead-in-networking-technology/#:~:text=Founded%20in%201984%2C%20Cisco%20Systems,often%20follow%20rather%20than%20lead. (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
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   </ref>
   <ref id="B28">
    <label>28.</label>
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     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enterprise WLAN Market Grew 10.6% in the First Quarter of 2025, according to IDC Worldwide WLAN Tracker. – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://my-idc-com.translate.goog/getdoc.jsp?containerld=prUS53604125&amp;_x_tr_tl=ru&amp;_x_tr_hl=ru&amp;_x_tr_pto=sge (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Enterprise WLAN Market Grew 10.6% in the First Quarter of 2025, according to IDC Worldwide WLAN Tracker. – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://my-idc-com.translate.goog/getdoc.jsp?containerld=prUS53604125&amp;_x_tr_tl=ru&amp;_x_tr_hl=ru&amp;_x_tr_pto=sge (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
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   <ref id="B29">
    <label>29.</label>
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     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cisco Vs competitors: How CISCO stays ahead in networking technology. – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://www.rededucation.com/cisco-vs-competitors-how-cisco-stays-ahead-in-networking-technology/#:~:text=Founded%20in%201984%2C%20Cisco%20Systems,often%20follow%20rather%20than%20lead. (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cisco Vs competitors: How CISCO stays ahead in networking technology. – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://www.rededucation.com/cisco-vs-competitors-how-cisco-stays-ahead-in-networking-technology/#:~:text=Founded%20in%201984%2C%20Cisco%20Systems,often%20follow%20rather%20than%20lead. (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
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   <ref id="B30">
    <label>30.</label>
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     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nokia Corporation. – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://www.fitchratings.com/research/corporate-finance/nokia-corporation-20-09-2024 (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nokia Corporation. – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://www.fitchratings.com/research/corporate-finance/nokia-corporation-20-09-2024 (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
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   <ref id="B31">
    <label>31.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ericsosn earns top spot in Omadia Market Landscape RAN Vendors report for 2025. – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://www.ericson.com/en/news/2025/7/ericson-leads-omdia-market-landscape-ran-vendors-2025 (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ericsosn earns top spot in Omadia Market Landscape RAN Vendors report for 2025. – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://www.ericson.com/en/news/2025/7/ericson-leads-omdia-market-landscape-ran-vendors-2025 (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
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   </ref>
   <ref id="B32">
    <label>32.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Оборудование связи (мировой рынок). – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F:%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA)#:~:text=%D0%9F%D0%BE%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%2C%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5,%D0%BE%D1%82%200%25%20%D0%B4%D0%BE%205%25 (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oborudovanie svyazi (mirovoy rynok). – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F:%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA)#:~:text=%D0%9F%D0%BE%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%2C%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5,%D0%BE%D1%82%200%25%20%D0%B4%D0%BE%205%25 (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
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   <ref id="B33">
    <label>33.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cisco Vs competitors: How CISCO stays ahead in networking technology. – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://www.rededucation.com/cisco-vs-competitors-how-cisco-stays-ahead-in-networking-technology/#:~:text=Founded%20in%201984%2C%20Cisco%20Systems,often%20follow%20rather%20than%20lead. (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cisco Vs competitors: How CISCO stays ahead in networking technology. – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://www.rededucation.com/cisco-vs-competitors-how-cisco-stays-ahead-in-networking-technology/#:~:text=Founded%20in%201984%2C%20Cisco%20Systems,often%20follow%20rather%20than%20lead. (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B34">
    <label>34.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Оборудование связи (мировой рынок). – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F:%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA)#:~:text=%D0%9F%D0%BE%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%2C%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5,%D0%BE%D1%82%200%25%20%D0%B4%D0%BE%205%25 (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oborudovanie svyazi (mirovoy rynok). – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F:%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA)#:~:text=%D0%9F%D0%BE%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%2C%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5,%D0%BE%D1%82%200%25%20%D0%B4%D0%BE%205%25 (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B35">
    <label>35.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ethernet-коммутаторы локальных сетей. Мировой рынок. – Текст : электронный – URL: https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F:Ethernet-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA) (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ethernet-kommutatory lokal'nyh setey. Mirovoy rynok. – Tekst : elektronnyy – URL: https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F:Ethernet-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA) (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B36">
    <label>36.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Системы умного дома (мировой рынок). – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA) (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sistemy umnogo doma (mirovoy rynok). – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA) (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B37">
    <label>37.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cisco Systems inc (CSCO). – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://ru.investing.com/equities/cisco-sys-inc-ownership (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cisco Systems inc (CSCO). – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://ru.investing.com/equities/cisco-sys-inc-ownership (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B38">
    <label>38.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Juniper Networks Inc (JNPR). – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://ru.investing.com/equities/juniper-networks-inc-ownership (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Juniper Networks Inc (JNPR). – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://ru.investing.com/equities/juniper-networks-inc-ownership (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B39">
    <label>39.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nokia Oyj (NOKIA). – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://ru.investing.com/equities/nokia-finland-ownership (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nokia Oyj (NOKIA). – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://ru.investing.com/equities/nokia-finland-ownership (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B40">
    <label>40.</label>
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     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson A (ERICa). – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://ru.investing.com/equities/telefon-lm-ericsson-ownership (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson A (ERICa). – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://ru.investing.com/equities/telefon-lm-ericsson-ownership (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B41">
    <label>41.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ciena Corp (CIEN). – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://ru.investing.com/equities/ciena-ownership (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ciena Corp (CIEN). – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://ru.investing.com/equities/ciena-ownership (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B42">
    <label>42.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arista Networks (ANET). – текст : электронный. – URL: https://ru.investing.com/equities/arista-networks-ownership (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arista Networks (ANET). – tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://ru.investing.com/equities/arista-networks-ownership (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B43">
    <label>43.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ubiquiti Networks Inc (UI). – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://ru.investing.com/equities/ubiquiti-networks-ownership (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ubiquiti Networks Inc (UI). – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://ru.investing.com/equities/ubiquiti-networks-ownership (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B44">
    <label>44.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ceragon Networks Ltd (CRNT). – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://ru.investing.com/equities/ceragon-ownership?cid=10889 (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ceragon Networks Ltd (CRNT). – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://ru.investing.com/equities/ceragon-ownership?cid=10889 (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
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   </ref>
   <ref id="B45">
    <label>45.</label>
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     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Марина, А. Intel смогла снизить долю на рынке серверных процессоров до 62% но доля AMD всё равно меньше / А. Марина. – Текст : электронный. – URL: https://3dnews.ru/1125080/intel-smogla-snizit-dolyu-na-rynke-servernykh-proczessorov-do-62-no-dolya-amd-vsyo-ravno-menshe (дата обращения: 26.08.2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marina, A. Intel smogla snizit' dolyu na rynke servernyh processorov do 62% no dolya AMD vse ravno men'she / A. Marina. – Tekst : elektronnyy. – URL: https://3dnews.ru/1125080/intel-smogla-snizit-dolyu-na-rynke-servernykh-proczessorov-do-62-no-dolya-amd-vsyo-ravno-menshe (data obrascheniya: 26.08.2025 g.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B46">
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