JOURNAL OF REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS JOURNAL OF REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS Журнал региональной и международной конкурентоспособности 2782-1927 103207 10.52957/2782-1927-2025-6-2-4-15 DEFINING COMPETITIVENESS DEFINING COMPETITIVENESS DEFINING COMPETITIVENESS Import substitution in the global economy: historical experience and theoretical approaches Импортозамещение в мировой экономике: исторический опыт и теоретические подходы Корнов Даниил Вадимович Kornov Daniil Vadimovich danya_kornov@mail.ru Переломова Ирина Геннадьевна Perelomova Irina Gennadievna perelomovair@yandex.ru

адъюнкт экономических наук;

adjunct of economic sciences;

 Ярославский государственный университет им. П.Г. Демидова Ярославль Россия P.G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University Yaroslavl Russian Federation Ярославский государственный университет им. П.Г. Демидо Ярославль Россия P.G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University Yaroslavl Russian Federation 28 06 2025 28 06 2025 6 2 4 15 24 04 2025 10 06 2025 https://chemintech.ru/en/nauka/article/103207/view

В статье рассматривается импортозамещение в мировой экономике с учетом исторического опыта различных стран и теоретических подходов к его реализации. Проанализированы исторические этапы формирования импортозамещения как экономического явления, начиная с индустриализации XIX–начала XX вв. в развитых странах, до политики послевоенного восстановления в Латинской Америке и Азии. Особое внимание уделяется сравнению латиноамериканской модели, ориентированной на внутренний рынок, с восточноазиатским подходом, сочетающим протекционизм с экспортоориентированной стратегией. Рассматриваются положительные и отрицательные аспекты импортозамещающей политики в различных странах, включая влияние государственной поддержки, степени открытости экономики и уровня технологического развития. Актуальность темы обусловлена усиливающейся политикой санкционного давления на Россию, которая приводит к необходимости реализации эффективных мер по импортозамещению, особенно в высокотехнологичных отраслях. Так, зависимость России от импорта на 2022 год в производстве лекарственных средств достигает 45%, в производстве текстильных изделий 28%, тяжелого машиностроения 65% что создает угрозу национальной экономической безопасности. Целью данного исследования является рассмотрение исторического опыта мировой экономики и анализ теоретических подходов к импортозамещению, а также выявление наиболее эффективных стратегий его реализации в условиях современной России. Логика исследования заключается в том, что сначала анализируется исторический опыт разных стран для понимания предпосылок и последствий политики импортозамещения, затем уточняются теоретические основы понятия, чтобы сформировать комплексное понимание феномена. Работа основана на использовании исторического, сравнительного и логического методов, а также на анализе трудов ведущих экономистов. На основе анализа различных подходов к определению понятия импортозамещения сделан вывод о важности сбалансированного подхода, сочетающего многоуровневую экономическую стратегию развития конкурентоспособного национального производства со способностью полностью или частично заменить импортные товары и структуру импорта.

The article examines import substitution in the global economy in terms of the historical experience of various countries and theoretical approaches to its implementation. The research analyses the historical stages of the formation of import substitution as an economic phenomenon. It considers the industrialisation of the 19th – early 20th centuries in developed countries and the policy of post-war reconstruction in Latin America and Asia. Indeed, the paper draws a special attention to comparing the Latin American model, focused on the domestic market, with the East Asian approach, combining protectionism with an export-oriented strategy. Moreover, the research examines the positive and negative aspects of import substitution policy in various countries, including the impact of government support, the transparency of the economy, and the technological development. The relevance of the topic is due to the increasing policy of sanctions pressure on Russia, causing the implementation of the effective import substitution measures, especially in high-tech industries. For instance, Russia's dependence on imports in 2022 in the manufacture of medicines reaches 45%, in the manufacture of textiles – 28%, and in heavy machinery – 65%. Therefore, it as a threat to national economic security. The purpose of this study is to examine the historical experience of the global economy, analyse the theoretical approaches to import substitution, and identify the most effective strategies for its implementation in modern Russia. Logically, we study the historical experience of the different countries to understand the prerequisites and consequences of import substitution policy, and the theoretical foundations of the concept to form a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. This paper dwells on the use of historical, comparative, and logical methods, and analyses the works of leading economists. Analysing various approaches to concept of import substitution, we conclude on the importance of a balanced approach. Those combines a multi-level economic strategy for the development of competitive national production with the ability to completely or partially replace imported goods and the structure of imports.

 импортозамещение; мировая экономика; стратегия индустриализации; политика импортозамещения; история импортозамещения import substitution; global economy; ISI strategy; import substitution policy; history of import substitution

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