The growth of average life expectancy affecting the economically active period of life is one of the key factors in the global competitiveness of the state. It determined the relevance of the presented study. The purpose of the presented studies is to analyse predictive assessments of the prospects for achieving the national goal of increasing life expectancy in Russia by 2030 up to 78 years. The research revealed the following: it is necessary to take into account the impact of cycles of social economic activity as the factors affecting life expectancy, along with the factors which traditionally considered having the significant impact on world life expectancy (bad habits, climatic and environmental conditions, exposure to chronic stress, nutritional balance, daily physical activity, health care, country economic development, etc.). The scientific novelty of the study concerns with the identification of the main factors allowing the national policy to achieve this particular goal. The practical significance of the results obtained provides the possibility of their use in improving the national policy in terms of both population and labour economics.